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Hopking's Herbal - R S


Go to Hopking's Herbal - A Modern Materia Medica (herbs and their medicinal action and uses):
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249. Ranunculus ficaria (Pilewort herb) - astringent; haemorrhoids; internal or prolapsed piles with or without haemorrhage. Ext.: piles (ointment). Ointment: 3% in suitable base. Ointment BPC 1934 30% fresh plant in benzoinated lard. Piles

250. Rehmannia glutinosa (Rehmannia prepared root, Shu Di Huang) Chinese Herb - Blood Xu (dizziness, palpitations, anaemia); tidal fever, lumbago, kidney yin xu, nocturnal sweats (menopause), menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, noctemission, spermatorrhoea, fertility - nourishes yin; diabetes; sweet, slightly warm; HE LIV KI.

251. Rhamnus frangula (Alder Buckthorn bark) = R. cathartica - laxative, diuretic, alterative; constipation.

252. Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara bark) - mild purgative, bitter tonic; chronic constipation.

253. Rheum palmatum (Rhubarb root, Da Huang) Chinese Herb - purgative, to eliminate pathogenic heat, to invigorate blood circulation and eliminate stasis, to treat jaundice, detoxification; fever with constipation and abdominal fullness, haematemesis and epistaxis associated with excessive heat in the blood, dysmenorrhoea and amenorrhoea, acute jaundice, acute appendicitis, intestinal obstruction; eliminate head, increase circulation, detoxification. Ext.: for burns, carbuncles, suppurative skin diseases; bitter, cold; LIV SP ST LI. With other herbs for constipation we have gentle and strong laxatives, MoveMore 1 and MoveMore 2

254. Rhus aromatica (Sweet Sumach root bark) - astringent, anti-hyperglycaemic (hypoglycaemic); urinary incontinence; hyperglycaemia, diabetes. IncoLess for incontinece

255. Rhus toxicodendron (Poison Ivy leaves and stems) - dermatological, prophylactic. Ext.: skin complaints. Dose: 1:10 60% 0.06-0.12ml (2-3ml/wk max.) BHP. Caution: can cause contact allergic dermatitis - discontinue treatment immediately. N/A

256. Rosa spp. (Rose petals, heads) - low self esteem, raises the spirits, regular use of Rose tincture alters the whole feeling of and about the body for the better.

257. Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary leaf and flower) - carminative; anti-spasmodic; depression; thymoleptic; circulatory and NS stimulant; headache, migraine, depression, flatulent dyspepsia associated with psychogenic tension, baldness. Ext.: sciatica; myalgia (fibromyalgia), intercostal neuralgia. Oil: rubefacient, mild analgesic, parasiticide.

258. Rubia cordifolia (Madder root, Qian Cao Gen) Chinese Herb - haemostatic, refrigerant to blood, decrease heat and stop bleeding (esp. uterine), postnatal bleeding; increase circulation, blood stasis, dissolves clots, cholesterol, thrombosis; Ext.: injury and trauma bleeding; bitter, cold; HE LIV LU.

259. Rubus ideus (Raspberry leaves) - astringent, tonic, refrigerant, parturient. Use in pregnancy to strengthen and tone womb; haemorrhage, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, birth preparer, stomatitis, tonsillitis, conjunctivitis (eye lotion). Has been shown to induce ovulation (fertility), relax the uterus, stimulate immunity, kill viruses (incl. herpes), high blood sugar, increase insulin (diabetes), anti-fungal and anti-viral. (Michael Weiner)

260. Rubus coreanus (Blackberry unripe berries, Fu Pen Zi) Chinese Herb - tonic to kidneys, astringent; kidney deficiency: impotence, spermatorrhoea, premature ejaculation, urinary incontinence, bed-wetting; improves eyes and sight; sweet, sour, slightly warm. LI, KI.

261. Rumex acetosella (Sheep Sorrel herb) The action is diuretic, refrigerant and diaphoretic, and the juice extracted from the fresh plant is of use in urinary and kidney diseases. Renée Caisse (the Canadian nurse who popularized ESSIAC as an abnormal cell formation cure) felt this herb was the most active abnormal cell formation fighter among all the herbs present in the old Indian brew. "The herb that will destroy cancer is the dog-eared sheep sorrel, sometimes called sour grass," she said on a number of occasions. And she may have been right. Interestingly, for hundreds of years, sheep sorrel has appeared in historical archives in both North America and Europe as a remedy for abnormal cell formation. In 1926, the National Cancer Institute was presented with a recipe from Canada which was said to be an old Indian cure for cancer. The main ingredient was none other than sheep sorrel. Renée Caisse observed that not only was sheep sorrel effective in attacking and breaking down tumors, it also was effective in alleviating many chronic conditions and degenerative diseases. It has been reported by other researchers that sheep sorrel relieves internal ulcers, black jaundice and virtually all skin diseases. The seeds of sheep sorrel, steeped in wine, have been used to stop hemorrhages and heavy menstrual flow. In addition, the seeds an anti-venomous property that relieves bites and rids the body of poisons [toxins]. Sheep sorrel reportedly acts as a tonic for the urinary tract. Poultices can be made with an infusion of the leaves and applied directly to boils and tumors. Sheep sorrel contains high amounts of vitamins A and B-complex, especially in its seed, C, D, E, K, P and vitamin U. It's also rich in minerals, including calcium, chlorine, iron, magnesium, silicon, sodium, sulfur, and trace amounts of copper, iodine, manganese, and zinc. Other vital health-giving elements in sheep sorrel are the carotenoids and chlorophyll which are present in the leaves and stems, and several organic acids which include malic, oxalic, tannic, tartaric, and citric, an antioxidant. Sheep sorrel is rich in oxalic acid in the form of potassium oxalate. Oxalic acid has been shown to be a powerful oxidizing acid which stimulates the human system into activity. Oxalic acid combines with calcium to aid in digestive assimilation, plus, oxalic acid stimulates the peristaltic action of the intestines and may even be responsible for increased blood coagulation. Using just the root of the sheep sorrel, people have gained improvement from stomach hemorrhages and jaundice conditions. It can be seen that sheep sorrel, a truly remarkable herb by itself, surely plays a vital role as part of the great healing power of ESSIAC. Note by Dr. Juergen Buche, N.D.: One of the prime properties of sheep sorrel does not get mentioned in the above article which was copied verbatim (pages 79 to 81) from the book: "The Essiac Report - Canada’s Remarkable Unknown Cancer Remedy" by Richard Thomas. It is the following: Sheep sorrel lowers the resistance of parasites which can cause many misunderstood symptoms (1). In other words, sheep sorrel kills parasites and this is of primordial importance if one has even a cursory understanding of Dr. Hulda Clark’s book: "The Cure for all Cancers". Sheep Sorrel is highly praised as a vermifuge - intestinal worms have no resistance to the natural properties of this herb. Sorrel is also considered a good remedy for stomach hemorrhage and profuse menstruation. Additionally, a tincture of Sheep Sorrel can support conditions which have a tendency for tissue degeneration. Sorrel root is best known for its astringent properties, though it has also been used historically as an antiseptic, diuretic, hepatic, and laxative. Throughout the centuries, the Sorrels have appeared in historical archives as an unproven folk remedy for cancer in both Europe and America. Find about the unique organic concentrated tincture of Essiac.

262. Rumex crispus (Yellow Dock root) - alterative, purgative; cholagogue; psoriasis and skin problems; blood cleanser, liver and gall bladder tonic, constipation. Dose: 1:5 45% 1-2ml.

263. Ruscus aculeatus (Butchers Broom herb and root) - diaphoretic, diuretic, deobstruent, aperient; oedema (dropsy), urinary obstructions, nephritis, bladder gravel, kidney stones, scrofulous tumours, respiratory catarrh, shortness of breath; cleansing and opening (detoxification), broken bones, joint dislocation; carpal tunnel syndrome, lymphedema, syphilis, breast abnormal cell formation swelling, hypotension with swollen ankles (esp. For CFS, Parkinson’s, diabetes, low blood pressure (Ruscus does not cause high blood pressure), treatment and prevention of varicose veins and haemorrhoids, promotes venous circulation in the lower limbs (indicated for varicose ulcers) and has anti-inflammatory properties. Active constituent: ruscogenins.

264. Ruta graveolens (Rue herb) - Anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue, anti-tussive; atonic amenorrhoea, abortifacient (birth agent). RA.

265. Salix alba/nigra (White/Black Willow bark) - anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-hydrotic, anti-pyretic, analgesia, astringent; muscular and arthritic rheumatism, influenza and respiratory catarrh, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, systemic connective tissue disorders characterised by inflammatory changes. RA. Used for sweating in menopause.

266. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Red Sage Root, Dan Shen) Chinese Herb - dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, angina, heart disease, circulatory stimulant, dissolves clots, blood clots, thrombosis (cholesterol), palpitation; insomnia; mastitis, postnatal abdominal pains; pain - acute in chest and abdomen; reduces stasis; antiphlogistic to the liver; bitter, slightly cold; HE LIV Pericardium.

267. Salvia officinalis (Sage) - carminative, spasmolytic, anti-septic, anti-hydrotic (menopausal sweating, and other overactive sweating); gingivitis, glossitis mouth inflammatory, mouth ulcers, gargle, reduces sweat and milk. C/I pregnancy. For flushes / flashes and menopause symptoms, Flushes.

268. Sambucus nigra (Elder flowers) - diaphoretic, anti-catarrhal; colds, influenza, nasal catarrh with deafness, hay fever, sinusitis. Berries - same as flowers plus laxative, anti-rheumatic.

269. Sanguinaria canadensis (Blood root) - expectorant, anti-spasmodic; bronchitis, emetic, expectorant, cathartic, anti-septic, cardioactive, circulation - peripheral (feeble), capillary circulation - improves, asthma, croup, laryngitis. Note: anti-neoplastic: tumours and sarcomas (cancer) (see note in BHP I p.175). Dose: 1:5 60% 0.3-2ml. HerbShield as a great immune protection tonic.

270. Sanguisorba officinalis (Garden Burnet roots, Di Yu) - haemostatic, astringent, refrigerant to blood; peptic ulcer, haematuria, menorrhagia, dysentery, anti-bacterial, anti-emetic, ulcer bleeding, promotes the healing of burns (use powder); bitter, sour, slightly cold. LIV ST LI. Flowering tops (from BHP): astringent, anti-haemorrhagic; diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, metrorrhagia. Ext.: styptic, haemorrhoids. Dose: 1:5 45% 2-8ml.

271. Sanicula europaea (Wood Sanicle herb) - astringent, alterative, expectorant, styptic; respiratory and lung complaints, chronic cough and catarrh, bronchii - inflammation of the, coughing up blood, respiratory tract mucus congestion, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, bleeding anywhere.

272. Santalum album (Sandalwood heart-wood, Tan Xiang) Chinese Herb - to promote the flow of vital energy of spleen and stomach and relieve pain (carminative); to dispel cold; to improve digestion; to remove the stasis of blood and relieve pain; pain in abdomen and chest, angina, dyspepsia; pungent, warm; SP ST LU HE.

273. Saponaria officinalis (Soapwort root and leaves) - tonic, diaphoretic, alterative, expectorant, laxative; expectorant for bronchitis and dry cough. Ext.: eczema, pruritis.

274. Sassafras albidum (Sassafras inner root bark) - alterative, stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, anti-rheumatic; eczema, psoriasis, rheumatism, gout. Ext.: head lice, anti-septic. C/I pregnancy. Dose: 1:1 25% 2-4ml.

275. Scabies: Internal: Tanacet. Phytolac. Trigon. Soph flav. Forsyth. Allium. Lotion - Tanacetum, Phytolac, Pimpinella, Picrasma, Stemona, Cinn camphor. Oils: pimpinella, tea tree, camphor. Oinment: Balsam of Tolu/Peru. Chinese tmt: Jei Chuang (scabies): Internal: Morus folia, Soph flav, Phellodendron, Forsythia, Dioscorea. Ext: Xanthox fruct, Stemona Aloe extract (lice). Lice

276. Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra berries, Wu Wei Zi) Chinese Herb - astringent, tonic to kidneys, demulcent, anti-diarrhoeic, antitussive; chronic cough, asthma, thirst, profuse perspiration (menopause, etc), spermatorrhoea, nocturnal emissions, urination - profuse and frequent, chronic diarrhoea; sour, warm; LU, KI. Its active constituents have been shown to prevent liver damage and stimulate repair and normalise liver function. It is also known to stimulate the nervous system, increasing the speed of reflexes, nerve responses and improving mental clarity. Used for depression, irritability and forgetfulness. The berries of this vine are used extensively in China and other countries as anti-fatigue agents, and anti-fatigue properties have been proven in animals including horses.52 Schisandra is also classified as an adaptogen,53 and is hepato-protective and helps liver cells regenerate.54, 55 It exhibits a synergistic effect with pentobarbitone as a CNS depressant in mice,52 and in clinical practice seems to show a similar synergistic effect with many other herbs used in both benzodiazepine and opiate withdrawal. Antidepressant activity may also be possessed by Schisandra.55 Once again, the combination of these actions make Schisandra a valuable agent not only for the acute phase of withdrawal, but as a safe treatment for the post withdrawal period. As an adaptogenic nervine tonic, particularly in cases of fatigue, I find it excellent. Like Hypericum, it is also a herb which may offer additional benefits in those addicts who are positive for hepatitis C. ForgetLess, MentalPepTalk.

277. Scrophularia ningpoensis (Chinese Figwort root, Xuan Shen) Chinese Herb - replenish vital essence, clear heat; to resolve hard lumps in the body, fidget, insomnia, dizziness due to febrile disease, cough - dry with thin phlegm, swellings due to infections - boils and eruptions; bitter, salty, cold. LU ST KI.

278. Scrophularia nodosa (Figwort flowering tops) - alterative, dermatological agent, diuretic (mild), mild purgative, heart stimulant; eczema, psoriasis, itching and irritation (pruritis) - specific, heart stimulant. C/I in tachycardia.

279. Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin, Baikal root) - anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic. Arthritis, hay fever, allergies. It has flavonoids which inhibit the release of histamine and the production of leukotrienes (inflammatory and pain-triggering chemicals). To eliminate heat and dampness; to eliminate heat in the lung for cough. Anti-toxin. Haemostatic. Prevents miscarriage. Uses: diarrhoea, jaundice, acute urinary tract infection; enteritis, dysentery; cough with thick and yellow sputum; pyogenic infection of the skin; hypertension; threatened abortion. Bitter, cold. LU HE ST GB LI. Dose: 3-10gm. Prepare with wine to clear the heat of the upper burner of the body (ascending in action).

280. Scutellaria barbata (Barbat Skullcap whole herb, Ban Zhi Lian) Chinese Herb - anti-pyretic, haemostatic, boils, diuretic, reduces swellings; liver disease, detoxification; hepatitis, cirrhosis, ascites, abscesses, ulcers in stomach and lungs; abnormal cell formation in lungs, stomach and intestines; bitter, cold; LIV ST. Ext: snake and insect bites, injuries and burns. C/I pregnancy. S. baicalensis (Huang Qin) - anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic. Arthritis, hay fever, allergies. It has flavonoids which inhibit the release of histamine and the production of leukotrienes (inflammatory and pain-triggering chemicals).

281. Scutellaria laterifolia (Skullcap flowering tops) - anti-convulsive, nervine tonic, sedative, anti-spasmodic; nervous tension, epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, grand mal, exhaustion, depression, PMT. Dose: 1:5 45% 1-2ml. See Headaches

282. Selenicereus grandiflorus (Night-Blooking Cactus, Large Cactus root, flowers) - cardiac stimulant, increases florce of heart beat, central nervous system stimulant, tonic to sympathetic nervous system, increases size of the heart-beat and reduces its frequency. Not an emergency agent such as Digitalis; requires time for action; not a depressant. Uses: heart weakness with low blood pressure and valvular insufficiency. Rapid pulse with loss of body strength. Raynaud’s. ‘Chest held in a vice’. Unstable angina or coronary disease. Numbness of left arm. Relieves difficult breathing or congestion of the lungs of heart causation. As it has no known sied-effects it enables heart sufferers to face the world with renewed confidence. Aneurism. Chlelesterolized arteries, arteritis (temporal), heart murmur. Sexual neurosthenia, masturbation palpitation. Secondary prophylaxis following myocardial infarction. Action is enhanced by addition of Leonurus and Avena (equal quants). Tincture BPC 2ml thrice daily.

283. Senecio aureus (Life Root herb) - uterine tonic, diuretic, expectorant (mild), emmenagogue; menopausal disturbances, emotional and vascular instability, hot flushes, menopause, leucorrhoea, debilitation, tuberculosis (TB). Ext.: vaginal douche. N/A

284. Serenoa serrulata (Saw Palmetto berries) - diuretic, urinary anti-septic, endocrine agent; male reproductive tonic, prostate enlargement; cystitis, genitourinary catarrh, testicular atrophy. Dose: 0.1-1g tds. ProstateLess Tonic

285. Silybum marianum Milk (Thistle seeds) - lacto-stimulant, choleretic. Increases milk production, increases liver and gall bladder flow. Atherosclerosis, gallstones, iron overload, cancer (esp breast abnormal cell formation), diabetes, ovarian cysts, Parkinson’s disease (Silybum maintains the body’s supply of the antioxidant glutathione, which helps slow the progress of the disease; it also lessens constipation and heartburn, digestive problems that commonly occur in people with Parkinson’s), psoriasis. Liver Detox

286. Smilax officinalis, S. glabra (Sarsaparilla China Root rhizome, Tu Fu Ling) Chinese Herb - detoxification, RA (damp), skin problems; sweet, neutral. LIV ST. BHP: alterative, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, testosteronal, anti-pruritic; psoriasis with irritation (specific), rheumatoid arthritis, increases testosteronal activity. Used commonly as a flavouring component in major categories of nonalcoholic beverages, Sarsaparilla benefits from a long tradition of folk medicine. It has even been used to treat syphilis. Its effectiveness has not been substantiated in the treatment of this acute ailment. However, Sarsaparilla has been proven to have real properties in the case of gonorrhea and certain skin conditions. Sarsaparilla contains both male and female hormones (testosterone, progesterone and cortim) which explain its various capacities. Among the other components the most interesting are the steroidal saponins (vitiligo?), of which the principal one is sarsapogenin(1). These saponins are responsible for the pharmacological effects to which Sarsaparilla owes its reputation as a "depurative", diuretic and sudorific drug. The mechanism of these diverse effects is still not fully understood, but it is believed(2) that these saponins favour the elimination of metabolic waste products.

287. Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet twigs, leaves and tops) 1:10 - diuretic, alterative, anti-rheumatic; psoriasis and skin problems, RA. Increases the secretions of the skin and kidneys. Used mainly for skin diseases, for obstinate skin eruptions, scrofula and ulcers. Contains solarnine (but feeble amounts) a narcotic. Toxicity: in large doses paralyses the CNS without affecting the peripheral nerves or voluntary muscles; it slows the heart and respiration, lessens sensibility, lowers the temperature and causes vertigo and delirium, terminating in death with convulsions. BP 1907: collect the shoots in autumn. In USA the shoots are gathered in spring when the plant is budding. MrsG 590.

288. Solidago virgaurea (Golden Rod flowering tops) - anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, carminative, diaphoretic; catarrh, chronic naso-pharyngeal catarrh (specific), influenza, bladder infections - cystitis, dyspepsia, flatulent dyspepsia. Ext.: as nasal spray or gargle in nose and throat infection. Dose: 1:5 45% 0.5-1ml.

289. Sophora flavescens (Sophora root, Ku Shen) Chinese Herb - anti-pyretic; drying; anthelmintic. To eliminate heat and damp: anti-pruritic, parasiticide (worms), diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery, vaginitis, leucorrhoea, itchy skin, eczema, ringworm, allergic reactions, all skin problems; bitter, cold. HE LIV ST LI BL.

290. Sophora japonica (Pagoda Tree fruit, Huai Jiao) Chinese Herb - To eliminate heat from blood by cooling, nourish liver and purge liver fire, haemostatic; haemorrhoids, haematuria, uterine bleeding, constipation; bitter, cold. LIV LI.

291. Stachys betonica (Wood Betony) - sedative, nervine tonic; strengthens CNS and relaxes, anxiety, tension, vertigo, headaches, neuralgia, stress, hysteria. Dose: 1:5 45% 2-6ml.

292. Stellaria media (Chickweed flowering tops) - vulnerary, anti-pruritic, emollient, anti-rheumatic. Ext.: for psoriasis and itching eczema, ulcer, abscess and skin eruptions.

293. Stevia - diabetes Medicinal Uses: there are many very legitimate reasons for using stevia as a medicinal food. In spite of the prominence stevia has obtained as a flavor enhancer, it contains a variety of constituents besides the steviosides and rebaudiosides, including the nutrients specified above and a good deal of sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, and an extremely rich volatile oil comprising rich proportions of aromatics, aldehyde, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These and other, as yet unidentified constituents, probably have some impact on human physiology and may help explain some of the reported therapeutic uses of stevia. Hypoglycemic action. It is probably the presence of the steviosides themselves that has produced dozens of empirical and semi-controlled reports of hypoglycemic action. Paraguayans say that stevia is helpful for hypoglycemia and diabetes because it nourishes the pancreas and thereby helps to restore normal pancreatic function. In semi-controlled clinical reports one also encounters this action. Oviedo, et. al., reported a 35.2% fall in normal blood sugar levels 6-8 hours following the ingestion of a stevia leaf extract.14 Similar trends have been reported in humans and experimental animals by other workers.15-16 These kind of results have led physicians in Paraguay to prescribe stevia leaf tea in the treatment of diabetes; similarly, in Brazil, stevia tea and stevia capsules are officiallly approved for sale for the treatment of diabetes. However, it is important to note that stevia does not lower blood glucose levels in normal subjects. In one study, rats were fed crude extracts of stevia leaves for 56 days at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 gram extract per day. These procedures were replicated by another team of scientists. Neither group observed a hypoglycemic action. Similar negative results have been obtained by other observers. Then there is research in which the findings show trends toward hypoglycemic action, but are inconclusive. In at least one of these studies, alloxan-diabetic rabbits were used. The authors felt the results supported an anti-diabetic action, but the results were transient at best. To date, the experimental research on the effects of stevia on blood sugar levels in human patients with either diabetes or hypoglycemia is sparse. The general feeling in the scientific community is that the mild acting nature of the plant and its total lack of toxic side effects argues against the need for extensive and expensive research programs. However, many of the anecdotes reporting a definite and significant blood sugar lowering action in diabetics, and a pronounced exhilarating effect in hypoglycemics, are sound enough to justify considerable experimental work in the area. Perhaps , when this missing piece to the puzzle is supplied, we will then have a better understanding of how stevia works - why, for example, many diabetic humans experience a profound lowering of blood sugar levels following the ingestion of several cups of stevia tea (24-32oz.) during the course of a 24 hour period. Cardiovascular Action. A good deal of experimental work has been done on the effects of stevia and stevioside on cardiovascular functioning in man and animals. Some of this work was simply looking for possible toxicity, while some was investigating possible therapeutic astion. In neither case have significant properties been found. When any action at all is observed, it is almost always a slight lowering of arterial blood pressure at low and normal doses, changing to a slight rise in arterial pressure at very high doses. The most curious finding is a dose dependent action on heart beat, with a slight increase appearing at lower doses, changing to a mild decrease at higher doses. In neither instance is the result remarkable, and it is extremely doubtful that humans would experience any effect at normal doses. The long term use of stevia would probably have a cardiotonic action, that is, would produce a mild strengthening of the heart and vascular system. Antimicrobial Action The ability of stevia to inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria and other infectious organisms is important in at least two respects. First, it may help explain why users of stevia-enhanced products report a lower incidence of colds and flus, and second, it has fostered the invention of a number of mouthwash and tooth paste products. Research clearly shows that Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Proteus vulgaris and other microbes do not thrive in the presence of the non-nutritive stevia constituents. This fact, combined with the naturally sweet flavor of the herb, makes it a suitable ingredient for mouth washes and for tooth pastes. The patent literature contains many applications for these kinds of stevia-based products. Stevia has even been shown to lower the incidence of dental caries. Digestive Tonic Action. In the literature of Brazil, stevia ranks high among the list of plants used for centuries by the "gauchos" of the southern plains to flavor the bitter medicinal preparations used by that nomadic culture. For example, it was widely used in their "mate." Through much experimentation, these people learned that stevia made a significant contribution to improved digestion, and that it improved overall gastrointestinal function. Likewise, since its introduction in China, stevia tea, made from either hot or cold water, is used as a low calorie, sweet-tasting tea, as an appetite stimulant, as a digestive aid, as an aid to weight management, and even for staying young. Effects on the Skin. One of the properties of a liquid extract of stevia that has not yet been investigated experimentally is its apparent ability to help clear up skin problems. The Guarani and other people who have become familiar with stevia report that it is effective when applied to acne, seborrhea, dermatitis, eczema, etc. Placed directly in cuts and wounds, more rapid healing, without scarring, is observed. (This treatment may sting for a few seconds, but this is followed by a significant lowering of pain.) Smoother skin, softer to the touch is claimed to result from the frequent appllication of stevia poultices and extracts. Current FDA labelling regulations are forcing U.S. suppliers to label their stevia as something other than a sweetener; an appeal to its soothing action on the skin has been the most frequent alternative. Effects on Reproduction. An interesting pseudo-phenomenon arose at one time, and, sadly, still receives attention from time to time, in the popular press and even by serious scientists. It is sad because the whole thing is a hoax; if not that, it is at least a case of very badly mistaken identity. It seems that in 1968 a paper appeared that claimed that certain tribes of Indians in Paraguay (the Matto Grosso) used stevia tea as a contraceptive, with apparently very good results. In subsequent experimental work, utilizing rats, these researchers found that the treatment was supposedly good for periods up to 2 months. Subsequent work has repeatedly failed to replicate the 1968 study. Furthermore, at least one attempt to locate tribes in northeastern Paraguay that used stevia to control fertility failed to confirm the story. One effect on reproductive physiology that appears to be valid, but which is in need of further study before definitive conclusions can be drawn, is a healing effect on the processes underlying prostate disease. Just how important this finding is must await further research. Order Stevia.

294. Stillingia sylvatica (Queen’s Delight root) - alterative, dermatological agent, expectorant, diaphoretic, sialagogue, astringent; chronic skin conditions, eczema, psoriasis, lymphatic cleanser, skin eruption exudative with irritation and lymphatic involvement (specific); bronchitis, laryngitis, laryngismus stridulus; haemorrhoids, constipation. Dose: 1:5 45% 1-4ml.

295. Stemona japonica (Stemona root, Bai Bu) Chinese Herb - anti-tussive, lungs - soothes (demulcent), anthelmintic- anti-parasitic; cough -chronic dry; tapeworm, TB. Ext.: lotion for head lice; pungent, sweet, bitter, slightly cold; LU.

296. Strychnos nuxvomica (Nux-Vomica seeds, Ma Qian Zi) Chinese Herb - CNS tonic, bitter. Major nerve tonic; epilepsy, palsy (Tinct 5-10 drops). High dose has potent action on CNS = 5ml tds. Activates the channels and alleviates pain: wind damp painful obstruction (arthritis pain); reduces swelling and moves the blood: injuries from falls, fractures, sprains and contusions, bruises, trauma. C/I pregnancy. Pharm: rapidly absorbed after oral administration and lead to increased spinal reflexes and stimulation of the respiratory and sensory centres of the brain. Small dose has tonic bitter effect = 1ml tds. To make: 100g in 850Eth/160W. Dose 8-16 ml (BP 1867) (i.e. 1:10 84%). Poison in large doses. Overdose: >50mg of herb. Symptoms: crawling sensation in cervical area, difficulty swallowing and irritability; progressing to convulsions of great force. Treatment: barbiturates. Strychnos nux-vomica (Nux Vomica) - CNS tonic, bitter. Major nerve tonic; epilepsy, palsy (Tinct 5-10 drops). High dose has potent action on CNS = 5ml tds.

297. Styrax benzoin (Benzoin resin, An Xi Xiang) Chinese Herb - mild stimulant and anti-septic in irritable conditions of the skin, carminative, anti-septic (genet-urinary), skin anti-septic and skin irritation (leg ulcers); expectorant (mild), urinary anti-septic, genital anti-septic. Chinese use: aromatic stimulant - to resolve phlegm; to promote the circulation of qi and blood; use for impaired consciousness due to apoplexy (stroke); chest and abdominal pain; pungent, bitter, neutral. HE LIV SP.

298. Swertia chirata (Chiretta, Indian Gentian, whole herb) Nepal, Gentianaceae - strong bitter; liver remedy, diabetes, low blood sugar, nausea, increases salivation (dry mouth), increases bile (gallbladder), constipation, dyspepsia, debility, anorexia, GI atony - restorative; good for convalescence. Dose: 25% 2-4 ml. BPC 1949.

299. Symphytum officinale (Comfrey leaves/root) 1:10 - vulnerary, demulcent, astringent, expectorant; wound healing (allantoin), gastric/duodenal ulcers, hiatus hernia, colitis, ulcerative colitis, haemorrhages, abnormal cell formation. Ext.: wound healing, ulcers, varicose ulcer, fractures, hernia (fresh root). Here is a summary from my EJHM Vol 2:No 3 Autumn 1996 paper on Comfrey. This is now three years old but gives a general outline. Its rather a long post - hope that is alright! Microsomal oxygenation is catalysed by the cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase system which is involved in numerous detoxification reactions. It has been shown in vitro using human liver tissue that senecionine is metabolized by Cytochrome P450 IIIA4 [CYP3A4] to the pyrrole dehydrosenecionine [DHS] and senecionine N-0xide. GENETIC VARIATION Individual susceptibility to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity must be determined by interindividual differences in hepatocyte activation and detoxification of pyrroles by Cytochrome P450 enzymes [CYP] as has been demonstrated with senecionine. Research on the isolation of Cytochrome P450 enzymes has developed rapidly in the last 10 years. They derive from 27 gene families and variation in the presence and proportion of each isoenzyme is thought to underly much interindividual variability in drug metabolism. CYP3A4 is the most common CYP averaging 29% of the total but there is a 20 fold interindividual variation. It is responsible for many drug detoxification reactions. In contrast to some CYP's it is not polymorphic. Using metabolism of nifedipine as a marker, researchers have found marked differences between different racial groups. Liver function and drug interactions: a. Cytochrome p450 enzyme function CYP levels are influenced by intake of prescribed drugs. CYP3A4 are induced by anticonvulsants eg carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, primidine & topiramate, by the corticosteroid dexamethasone, the anti-fungal griseofulvin and rifampicin which is used to treat tuberculosis. Phenobarbitone also induces glutathione transferase and thus glutathione remanufacture after reduction. Where CYP3A4 levels are induced by a drug the rate of pyrrole formation will be higher. For example, oral contraceptives which are metabolized by CYP3A4 may be less effective if the woman is taking phenobarbitone as the oestrogens are metabolized more quickly. The British National Formulary states that rifampicin renders oral contraceptives ineffective. The case of VOD ascribed to Symphytum which occurred in Britain involved a 14 yr old boy suffering from Crohn's disease. For part of the time, he was also taking prednisolone and sulphasalazine. Other important drugs which are metabolized by CYP 3A4 are cyclosporin [immunosuppressant], nifedipine [Adalat], erythromycin, terfenadine [Triludan] and ethinylestradiol. If a person is taking any of these drugs them the PA are competing with the drug for metabolism on a fixed number of sites. Drug-drug interactions are unlikely to be a problem in that competition for sites would reduce the rate of pyrrole formation. There is a drug-drug interaction between terfenadine and ketoconazole. Terfenadine is cardiotoxic if unmetabolized and should not be taken with ketoconazole which suppresses CYP 3A4 and thus terfenadine metabolism. Drugs which suppress CYP3A4 are the systemic antifungals ketoconazole and itraconazole, the oral contraceptive gestodene, chloramphenicol and cimetidine. Some flavonoids eg in grapefruit juice are general inhibitors of cytochrome P-450's. The significance of inter individual variation in CYP3A4 is not yet clear because CYP3A4 is thought to both to activate and to detoxify the pyrroles. Research in this area is progressing apace and this information is given to inform prescribing decisions rather than to give definite advice. b. Glutathione Glutathione status is extremely important in drug detoxification. If glutathione levels are depleted then reduced glutathione is lost from the cell which further depletes cell levels. Glutathione depletion is considered crucial in paracetamol poisoning. Using rat tissues, it has been demonstrated that glutathione depletion markedly increases pyrrole protein-binding in the hepatocyte. After administration of a glutathione depleting drug, the amount of pyrrole formation remained level but the biliary release of glutathione-pyrrole conjugate decreased by up to 72%. This means that people with a low intake of sulphur-containing amino acids may be more susceptible to PA poisoning. Glutathione status depends on dietary protein. Stuart and Bras, state 'we believe that malnutrition plays an important but subsidiary part, most likely as a contributory cause and in affecting the prognosis'. Many of the little children that they treated for VOD had a high carbohydrate and low protein diet. The people who suffered in Afghanistan were on a starvation level diet. Levels drop 50% by overnight fasting. Other dietary factors which are important in glutathione status are intake of selenium and of Cruciferae such as brussel sprouts. Alcoholics die from paracetamol poisoning at lower dosage partly because of microsomal enzyme induction but also because of poor nutrition. The Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase System The cytochrome P450 enzyme family is the major catalyst of drug biotransformation reactions. Since its origin more than 3.5 billion years ago, the cytochrome P450 has diversified to accommodate the metabolism of a growing number of environmental chemicals, food toxins and drugs. The resulting superfamily of enzymes catalyses a wide variety of oxidative and reductive reactions and has activity towards a chemically diverse group of substrates.This enzymatic system is localised in the liver, although every tissue has some metabolic activity. Factors which affect which affect drug biotransformation include genetic, environmental and physiological factors. The most important factors are genetically determined polymorphisms (genetic differences in the ability of individuals to metabolise a drug) in drug oxidations and conjugations, concomitant use of other drugs, exposure to environmental pollutants and industrial chemicals, disease, state and age. These factors have been thought responsible for decreased efficacy, prolonged pharmacological effects and increased toxicity. An increased synthesis of cytochrome P450 protein is associated with exposure to certain drugs and environmental pollutants. This enzyme induction leads to an increased rate of biotransformation and corresponding decreases in the availability of the parent drug. Inducers, generally specific for a given cytochrome P450 family, although within a family structurally diverse chemicals may have similar effects. For example, exposure to industrial pollutants, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants cigarette smoke, charbroiled meats and ethanol (the list goes on!!) results in dramatic induction of the cytochrome 450 enzyme family. This occurs both in the liver and extrahepatically. Impairment of normal liver function in patients with hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer can lead to alterations in this enzymatic system . The degree to which cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity and hepatic elimination are decreased will be a indication of the severity of liver damage. Additionally the co-administration of two or more drugs may also affect this system. Drugs that are metabolised by the same enzyme will competitively interact with each other for the binding site on the enzyme, thereby decreasing the rate of metabolism for the lower affinity drug. This may also cause the lower affinity drug to seek an alternate pathway inducing the P450 system yet again.

300. Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk Cabbage root) - anti-spasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant; irritable cough, asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, bronchitic asthma - specific. Dose: 1:10 45% 2-4ml. See BreathLess Tonic

301. Syzygium cumini (Jambul seeds) = Eugenia jambolana - warming, anti-emetic; stimulant; yang deficiency; circulatory stimulant, astringent, carminative, hypoglycaemia - raises blood sugar, diarrhoea with griping pain, diabetes. See PancreasMore Tonic

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Our herbal tonic medicines are carefully prepared on a personal and individual basis for your healing by medical herbalist Alan Hopking MA MNIMH MRCHM FINEH. Only whole herbs are used in our herbal medicines. Nothing else is added. If you have symptoms which you consider might be helped with herbal medicine please contact herbal practitioner Alan Hopking for a friendly confidential professional consultation. Telphone using our freephone 0500 90 96 97.
Once you have received your herbal prescription you can contact Alan Hopking at any time for more free advice (preferably by email). When you have completed your bottle of herbal medicine and if you want a repeat prescription you are requested to phone or email so that your progress can be assessed and adjustments made if necessary so that there is no break in your treatment. To order or re-order, click here.

UK Government Dept - MHRA

General advice to consumers on the use of herbal remedies from the Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

From the website of the Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (www.mhra.gov.uk) Department of Health, UK

• Remember that herbal remedies are medicines. As with any other medicine they are likely to have an effect on the body and should be used with care.
• Herbal remedies may sometimes interact with other medicines. This makes it particularly important to tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking a herbal remedy with other medicines such as prescribed medicines (those provided through your doctor or dentist).
• Treat with caution any suggestion that a herbal remedy is '100% safe' or is 'safe because it is natural'. Many plants, trees, fungi and algae can be poisonous to humans. It is worth remembering that many pharmaceuticals have been developed or derived from these sources because of the powerful compounds they contain. Any medicine, including herbal remedies, which have an effect on the body should be used with care.
• Treat with caution any herbalist or other person who supplies herbal remedies if they are unwilling or unable to provide written information, in English, listing the ingredients of the herbal remedy they are providing.
• If you are due to have a surgical operation you should always remember to tell your doctor about any herbal remedy that you are taking.
• Anyone who has previously experienced any liver complaint, or any other serious health complaint is advised not to take any herbal remedy without speaking to their doctor first.

PRECAUTIONS:

Pregnant/Breast-feeding mothers
Few conventional medicines have been established as safe to take during pregnancy and it is generally recognised that no medicine should be taken unless the benefit to the mother outweighs any possible risk to the foetus. This rule should also be applied to herbal medicinal products. However, herbal products are often promoted to the public as being “natural” and completely “safe” alternatives to conventional medicines. Some herbal ingredients that specifically should be avoided or used with caution during pregnancy. As with conventional medicines, no herbal products should be taken during pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Volatile Oils

Many herbs are traditionally reputed to be abortifacient and for some this reputation can be attributed to their volatile oil component.(6) A number of volatile oils are irritant to the genito-urinary tract if ingested and may induce uterine contractions. Herbs that contain irritant volatile oils include ground ivy, juniper, parsley, pennyroyal, sage, tansy and yarrow. Some of these oils contain the terpenoid constituent, thujone, which is known to be abortifacient. Pennyroyal oil also contains the hepatotoxic terpenoid constituent, pulegone. A case of liver failure in a woman who ingested pennyroyal oil as an abortifacient has been documented.

Uteroactivity

A stimulant or spasmolytic action on uterine muscle has been documented for some herbal ingredients including blue cohosh, burdock, fenugreek, golden seal, hawthorn, jamaica dogwood, motherwort, nettle, raspberry, and vervain. Herbal Teas Increased awareness of the harmful effects associated with excessive tea and coffee consumption has prompted many individuals to switch to herbal teas. Whilst some herbal teas may offer pleasant alternatives to tea and coffee, some contain pharmacologically active herbal ingredients, which may have unpredictable effects depending on the quantity of tea consumed and strength of the brew. Some herbal teas contain laxative herbal ingredients such as senna, frangula, and cascara. In general stimulant laxative preparations are not recommended during pregnancy and the use of unstandardised laxative preparations is particularly unsuitable. A case of hepatotoxicity in a newborn baby has been documented in which the mother consumed a herbal tea during pregnancy as an expectorant. Following analysis the herbal tea was reported to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are known to be hepatotoxic.

Breast-feeding mothers

A drug substance taken by a breast-feeding mother presents a hazard if it is transferred to the breast milk in pharmacologically or toxicologically significant amounts. Limited information is available regarding the safety of conventional medicines taken during breast-feeding. Much less information exists for herbal ingredients, and generally the use of herbal remedies is not recommended during lactation.

Paediatric Use

Herbal remedies have traditionally been used to treat both adults and children. Herbal remedies may offer a milder alternative to some conventional medicines, although the suitability of a herbal remedy needs to be considered with respect to quality, safety and efficacy. Herbal remedies should be used with caution in children and medical advice should be sought if in doubt. Chamomile is a popular remedy used to treat teething pains in babies. However, chamomile is known to contain allergenic sesquiterpene lactones and should therefore be used with caution. The administration of herbal teas to children needs to be considered carefully and professional advice may be needed.

Perioperative use

The need for patients to discontinue herbal medicinal products prior to surgery has recently been proposed. The authors considered eight commonly used herbal medicinal products (echinacea, ephedra, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, kava, St John’s Wort, valerian). On the evidence available they concluded that the potential existed for direct pharmacological effects, pharmacodynamic interactions and pharmacokinetic interactions. The need for physicians to have a clear understanding of the herbal medicinal products being used by patients and to take a detailed history was highlighted. The American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) has advised patients to tell their doctor if they are taking herbal products before surgery and has reported that a number of anaesthesiologists have reported significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure in some patients who have been taking herbal medicinal products including St John’s Wort, ginkgo and ginseng. MCA is currently investigating a serious adverse reaction associated with the use of ginkgo prior to surgery. In this case, the patient who was undergoing hip replacement experienced uncontrolled bleeding thought to be related to the use of ginkgo.

From the website of the Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (www.mhra.gov.uk) Department of Health, UK

Contact details

Post

Godshaer Herbal Clinic
Advanced Botanical Centre of Medicine
Ducking Stool Lane
Christchurch
Dorset
BH23 1DS
UK

Telephone

+44 (0) 1202 488122
Freephone UK 0500 90 96 97

Email

alanhopking@godshaer.co.uk

Skype (by arrangement)

alanhopking

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Disclaimer and pledge

As a professional herbal practitioner I am in practice in conformity with the laws of England and the 1968 Medicines Act. The UK legislative provisions for herbal medicine are to be found in the Medicines Act 1968, Section 12, paragraphs 1 & 2, and Section 56, paragraphs 1 & 2.

Section 12:1 specifies exemption for herbal medicines from licensing provided that they are supplied subsequent to private personal consultation. Section 12:2 exempts herbal medicines provided that they are produced according to standard traditional, non-industrial methods. It also specifies that no written claims may be made for the use of the remedy.

Therefore at Godshaer Herbalist no claims about any medical condition regarding the herbal medicines prescribed by Alan Hopking are made. Indeed, be it a doctor, surgeon or herbal practitioner, the successful outcome of our treatments cannot with any certainty be predicted, let alone guaranteed. Further, following UK and EU law, the information on this web site attach no medical claims and no claims concerning the medicinal herbs mentioned relating to any medical conditions listed. All the herbal prescriptions are unlicensed and made by Alan N. Hopking at the address of Godshaer Herbalist for patients of Alan N. Hopking.

I pledge that, I shall do all I can, using my knowledge of herbal medicines and natural treatment, to help you regain your deserved health.
Alan Hopking MA MNIMH MRCHM FINEH

All our herbal medicines are made from the raw herb at our dedicated clinic and dispensary in Ducking Stool Lane. We collect the fresh herbs, or import the dry herb. They are organic if at all possible. We only use whole herbs. We are against the use of standardized extracts, or the concentration of herbs by adding more of the active constituent. We recommend you do not use such products in any form (dry, in capsules or as tincture extracts). To use our herbal tonics you should follow the prescribed dose. Any side effects or problems should be reported to us.